, YM_AutoHotwords Info_Description :HDMEDIAPATH System System Arial ASYM_AutoHotwords false info_LastSavedBy 09/11/97 15:49:07 PM info_LastSaved :CDMEDIAPATH alfon System false 45:38 PM ASYM_LogEncrypt ASYM_LogName Arial Arial ASYM_LogAppend Info_Title ASYM_FullScreen Copyright - Environment Canada 1997 Arial false 09/11/97 15:48:44 PM glossary.tbk Efraim Halfon ASYM_AuthorResetPrompt Arial Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Arial Arial System Arial System Arial false 30:35 PM Arial ASYM_AutoGlossary Efraim Halfon Arial Arial Arial Arial Arial Arial Symbol System Arial Arial Times New Roman Arial MS Sans Serif palatia Arial Arial MT :56 PM Arial MT Arial MT Arial MT Arial s Serif YM_AutoHotwords Times New Roman Times New Roman Arial MT Arial s Serif The Osprey Efraim Halfon anypage ge "ospcb" osprey justincase welcome Page "welcome" osdde ostcdd os005 osddea welcome os008 os010 os001 second page os011 os002 os006 os012 osunits osunitsa save page os003 os013 ospcb ospcba os004 title oslit os007 os009 os014 oshga oslita osunits save page toxics welcome osprey title q970321135740260351820 40cbt.backdrop.4bit.paper.paper1 noscrollup noscrolldown arrow left arrow xxxxp wwwwwp ppppp xxxxp wwwwwp wwwwwwp wwwwwww wwwwwww wwwwwwwp wwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwp wwwwwww wwwwwwp wwwww wwwwp ppppp wwwwwp xxxxp wwwwp wwwww wwwwwwp wwwwwww wwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwww wwwwwwwp wwwwwww wwwwwww wwwwwwp wwwwwp xxxxp wwwwwww wwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwwp wwwwwwwwp &File &Open... 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Ctrl+F2 history N&ew Page Ctrl+N newpage &Help &Contents F1 contents Status &Bar F12 statusbar stagePageBackground welcome fullScreen Reader stagePageBackground welcome editScreen stopTimer Author discover enterBook .'+ +F false ASYM_HyperPath &ASYM_AutoHotwords \!ASYM_AutoGlossary enterPage .'+ +F leavePage reader |initializeSystemVariables ASYM_HyperPath &ASYM_AutoHotwords editScreen fullScreen author enterApplication .'+ +F button mouseLeave .'+ +F .'+ +F button slide mouseEnter .'+ +F Button buttonClick .'+ +F rightButtonUp myPath state\ mediaLocation driveName CD_drive editScreen fullScreen SCD_drive 9checkDisplaySystem myPath initializeSystemVariables screenXpixels TB40WIN.DLL DisplayBitsPerPixel TB40WIN horizontalDisplayRes,verticalDisplayRes 9verticalDisplayRes tb40win.dll rpDisplayBitsPerPixel pixelDepth screenYpixels horizontalDisplayRes verticalDisplayRes horizontalDisplayRes Sorry! Your system needs an upgraded video card to use this CD-ROM. checkDisplaySystem ate\" Reader /<> "welcome") /<> "stagePageBackground") fullScreen Author /<> " /<> " Xd") editScreen stopTimer(0) palette "discover" isObject ( 914,705,8534,5490 J"show1" 756,600,8661,6285 B"up" 4129,5628,4714,6003 B"down" 5164,5628,5749,6003 B"backtrack" 3887,6466,6932,6796 2667,6466,3222,6976 ASYM_HyperPath ASYM_AutoHotwords ASYM_AutoGlossary targetWindow = mmClose ---Intilization handlers the startup up enterApplication initializeSystemVariables enabled x"slide" o= 44 buttonClick mediaLocation -- You should a correct location CD-ROM here. myPath & "state\" CD_drive driveName = statusBar captionBar = thickFrame s970124.tbk" 0 = thinFrame = It & ":\" checkDisplaySystem screenXpixels screenYpixels pixelDepth linkDLL "TB40WIN. INT horizontalDisplayRes() verticalDisplayRes() 8es() unlinkDLL functions " tb40win.dll" DisplayBitsPerPixel() "Sorry! Your 4needs upgraded video card CD-ROM." f"OK" ype=MTBCli discover osfig12 osfig01 osfig02 osfig05 osfig13 osfig03 sd022 osfig06 osfig08 osfig09 osfig11 osfig12 osfig10 osfig07 befig01 osfig04 state\figures\osfig12.bmp state\figures\osfig1.bmp state\figures\osprey1b.bmp state\figures\osfig05.bmp state\figures\osfig13.bmp state\figures\osprey3.bmp state\figures\osprey3.bmp state\figures\osprey4.bmp state\figures\osprey5.bmp state\figures\osprey6.bmp state\figures\osfig11.bmp state\figures\osfig12.bmp state\figures\osprey7.bmp state\figures\osfig07.bmp state\figures\befig01.bmp state\figures\sd022.bmp scroll up scroll down Quit Now hide stage close this window save page tbk_backdrop buttonClick buttonStillDown enterPage reader buttonClick " <> 0 " - 1 enabled B"down" textUnderFlow " = 0 notifyBefore " = 0 " = 0 buttonClick buttonStillDown enterPage reader buttonClick textOverFlow " = 0 enabled " + 1 B"up" notifyAfter " = 0 " = 0 buttonClick buttonClick close welcome buttonClick buttonClick stage "welcome" mmClose All buttonClick buttonClick enterpage moved tbk_reset buttonDown buttonUp buttonClick buttonDoubleClick rightButtonDown rightButtonUp rightButtonClick rightButtonClick rightButtonDoubleClick -- This was added your Hthe MTB40.SBK sysbook -- It used define 'behavior backdrops notifybefore "0,0" "0,0" moved ssm = sysSuspendMessages notifyBefore tbk_reset buttonClick rightButtonClick .'+ +F Save this screen in file Page added to file Could not create file Could not write to save page c:\grtlakes.doc buttonClick buttonClick "="" --- "title" fileName = "c:\grtlakes.doc" ("Save screen --Checks that the pexists can be opened --If doesn't 5, create (which also opens "Could " && & "." xwrite "Page added @ ( ( K *ClassTbl* *ClassEntry* *PTABLE* *WINDOWSEG* *ICONRESTAB* *ICONRESSEG* *ICONRES* Background *OBJTABLE* *IDTABLE* *NAMETAB* Rectangle Ellipse RoundedRectangle Polygon IrregularPolygon AngledLine Curve PaintObject Picture Group Stage Button Viewer ComboBox Field RecordField Hotword *RHOTWORD* *TbxBase* ( ewer bxBase* ( bxBase* title .'+ +F .'+ +F osprey os004 buttonClick buttonClick "osprey" currentPage "os004" %modal Historical Records .'+ +F .'+ +F os003 osprey buttonClick buttonClick "osprey" currentPage "os003" %modal Feeding Habits .'+ +F .'+ +F os001 osprey buttonClick buttonClick "osprey" currentPage "os001" %modal Osprey Distribution .'+ +F .'+ +F os007 osprey buttonClick buttonClick "osprey" currentPage "os007" %modal Eggshell Thinning .'+ +F .'+ +F os006 osprey buttonClick buttonClick "osprey" currentPage "os006" %modal Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides .'+ +F .'+ +F os005 osprey buttonClick buttonClick "osprey" currentPage "os005" %modal Reproductive Problems .'+ +F .'+ +F os010 osprey buttonClick buttonClick "osprey" currentPage "os010" %modal Recovery buttonClick buttonClick More ... 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oeqoqo mqqmleeqee leqmoe lqqolqoqeq eqeqeleled meqeeq delnlqeo olqqelleel eenleelele eelleleede lleqleelle leeleleele ldeeleelld leleblbddl eleeddeded leed^ddebd lelbdeed^d ekele eldd^bdbd ddbbdbdeba ^bbedeel lolelel qolol leeqeoloqq leqldeleel edeqoqqolo loeqqee oeoeqoloee qoqel eelelqeqeo leeqqeqoln eeqqol omqoeoe mqqoleqqmo qqoqoq qqmqmqq mqqmq mqoqqmqm mqmqqelee qoqqm qoqmeqqem eeleqqeqqo qoele eqeqeeldle dqleqmeolq qloleeldol eenqoleqqe lelqqellee lledeedl ddedleq deledl dellbdbebd ddededdele dedbebddle dbekedb eddlde ledekdbdbd ^bbdbd leeleleedl eeoleqel deqeeleole eolqqeqele eoleelo lqomeeqee qqolee eqoqqoeqo qoqoleele qqmolqoq lolelqqedl elqoloqe enqoqolo qoqoqoqo oeqqoqmq olqeqmqooq mmqooqoqqo mqmqqmo qmqmq qeqmqq oqqoq oqole mqqmq qeelq qmqmmoelee leqoqeeqme elolelleqq eqoeqolede dleqeelele eleqlleld enlelelqq leeleelel delledlell deledeelle leeleedede edllbbel dededdeede dbedblb^db ddlededed addekedded ekd^deddlb ledekeddbd dbd^beedeq leleeqolee meqol leedeeoee eleele qoeqeled eleeqe qoleqemloq melolqolel eloeldeqee nelnlol oeoqoee qqmqq mqqeqeqq eeqqmq qqmqm qqmqqm qmqmq mqmqqm qmqem moqoloqm mqqmmqqm omooloqoe qelqoeqolo mqqmeqelqq eeleelolqe deqmelqqme elqeqmeqol deqmqleleq mellelol leoeellodl elleqqlmle eleleleele eddedldele ldllelledl eldee ldeddbdbed bededde edekdde ekekelb bebda^bebb loeldedleq lleelolode oeloedeqo qqeloeeod qeleqo deleel eqoqoe qmell lnloq eqoeq mqqoeqqooq mqqmmoqoqo mqqmqmqqeo qqoqm qmqem qmmqmq mqqmqmmqo oqqoqm oqoqm mlqqe mqqmqqo qoqol loqoqqoele eqoqmomoel qmqmol elqmleqeqo melelq ldlqle qeelellede llqeedelol ledqmdblel eeddelldde ledleedeed beddeldede ddedldedbl dbdbebb ldaed^bbeb b^^bdb^ deqeeqlelq leeqoeed loloedelel eedeleel meleqee eqoleqolqq eleel lololo mqomlolqoq qolqoe oqqmoe mqolqm meelo olqqeqo olqqoqqoqq deqqoqqolo lololqolol oelqoqqmlq eqlqqmleqq eqoledleel qmeqeelele qmlelelq qoqel leedeledlq eleledelel eledllqeel edleed ^deelddede kedlledld^ ekdbedbee eddebddedd eleebdbdb^ os001 The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) was once common along shallow water margins of the Great Lakes. A hundred years ago James Henry Fleming, a famous Canadian naturalist, found breeding Ospreys to be "generally distributed" in Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. By the 1960s Ospreys had vanished from this area as a breeding bird. In 1973 a single pair built a nest on top of a hydro pole, and by 1993 the Georgian Bay population had grown to over 50 pairs. Similar recovery patterns were seen in other parts of the Great Lakes. What caused these birds to disappear, and why were they able to recolonise????????????????????????????? .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture sd022 welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "sd022" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) osprey welcome hide this picture enterPage welcome hide this picture leavePage stage "welcome" 435,495 picture" mmClose 9610161659081198865929428036 ASYM_TpID Backdrop _tbk_LockMove welcome buttonClick buttonClick mmClose stage "welcome" name of this page show1 backtrack welcome buttonClick buttonClick isOpen "welcome" close Backtrack print aName = "nine" Field enterPage reader tbk_reset enterPage reader os002 By the 1960s and early 1970s, birds and other aquatic wildlife on the Great Lakes were experiencing reproductive problems. Fish-eating birds, such as the Osprey, are exposed to toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes, through the fish they eat. Since the early 1970s biologists have studied birds in the Great Lakes basin, in order to monitor the levels and biological effects of toxic chemicals. Since these birds are at the top of the aquatic food web, they can serve as barometers or indicators of environmental conditions........ os003 Ospreys are spectacular and unique birds at the top of the aquatic food web. They are birds of prey, like eagles, hawks and falcons, and have powerful sharp talons and a hooked beak for handling their prey. Unlike their relatives Ospreys eat fish almost exclusively. They catch fish in a dramatic way - diving into the water from a height of up to 40 metres. The opposable outer toe (which can be moved to point forwards or backwards), and the sharp spines on the soles of the feet, help the Osprey to grasp the wriggling fish until a safe perch is reached. Ospreys are large birds, weighing 1.5 - 2.0 kg, with a wingspan of 1.6 metres. Males are slightly smaller than females. There is only one species in the Osprey family (Pandionidae), but it inhabits most parts of the world, except the polar regions. Ospreys breed commonly in parts of North America and most of these birds migrate up to 8000 km to wintering areas in South or Central America. Populations breeding in Florida, California and parts of Central America and the Caribbean are non-migratory. Canada supports at least one third of the world's breeding Ospreys. Some nest close to saltwater, often in loose colonies, but most nest as scattered pairs throughout the vast network of freshwater lakes and rivers in the interior. Ospreys are present on Canadian breeding areas from early April to September. Their large stick nest is usually built at the top of dead tree close to or over water. Ospreys are adaptable birds, often tolerant of humans, and will nest on a variety of artificial structures such as hydro poles, duck blinds, microwave towers and navigation light towers. In the Great Lakes basin the Osprey's clutch of three eggs is laid in late April or early May, about three weeks after the birds arrive, and is incubated for about 40 days. Osprey chicks usually fledge in mid-July when they are about 55 days old, but remain around the nesting areas for another three weeks or so, dependent on the parents for food. Male Ospreys provide virtually all the fish for the family while the females remain at the nest for much of the summer. In the Great Lakes region a variety of fish species are eaten, probably reflecting local availability. Raccoons are the main predator of Osprey eggs, and Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) sometimes kill Osprey chicks and even adults. Canadian Ospreys spend their first two years of life in Central or South America, and do not usually make their first breeding attempt until three to five years of age. Surprisingly, although Ospreys are long-distance migrants, the young birds normally return to breed within 50 km of their natal site. Colonisation of new areas is therefore relatively slow. On average, just over 50 per cent of Ospreys die in their first year of life. About 10 to 15 per cent of adults die each year, giving an average adult life expectancy of six to ten years. However, a few have reached the ripe old age of 25 years. In order for a population to sustain itself the number of recruits into the breeding pool must balance the losses due to adult mortality. In parts of the northeastern United States, biologists have calculated that a pair of Ospreys must produce, on average, 0.8 young each year, for a population to remain stable. This break-even figure will vary with factors such as the availability of suitable nest sites, age at first breeding and mortality rates................................................. .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels osfig12 buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig12" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels osfig01 svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig01" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels osfig02 buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig02" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels osfig05 svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig05" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture welcome osfig13 mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig13" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels osfig05 svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig05" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) welcome welcome buttonClick buttonClick mmClose stage "welcome" hide this picture buttonClick buttonClick Click Here to Return to Script os004 The earliest records of Ospreys from the Canadian Great Lakes are bones found by archaeologists in native sites on Lake Huron, which were occupied during the 16th century. Towards the end of the 19th century Ospreys could be found throughout much of Ontario, except the extreme southwest where many shorelines had already been cleared of large trees, and they bred commonly around Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and probably also along parts of the Lake Ontario and Lake Erie shorelines. By the 1930s some declines were noticed, especially around the lower Great Lakes. Removal of the larger pine trees for timber probably reduced the number of suitable nest sites for Ospreys and, like many large birds earlier this century, Ospreys were often shot. Unlike the situation in Europe, egg collectors and trophy hunters in North America appear to have had relatively little impact on Osprey breeding numbers. These earlier population declines were probably fairly slow and small. They were overshadowed by the dramatic decreases which occurred between the 1940s and 1970s around the Great Lakes. Ornithologists in different regions described Osprey population declines with phrases like "alarming change", and "only a few remain, a sad remnant". Similar population crashes were seen during this period in populations of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), another fish-eating bird nesting around the Great Lakes..................... os005 By the 1960s and early 1970s, birds and other aquatic wildlife on the Great Lakes were experiencing reproductive problems. Fish-eating birds, such as the Osprey, are exposed to toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes, through the fish they eat. Since the early 1970s biologists have studied birds in the Great Lakes basin, in order to monitor the levels and biological effects of toxic chemicals. Since these birds are at the top of the aquatic food web, they can serve as barometers or indicators of environmental conditions. The first indications that North American Ospreys were experiencing reproductive problems came from New England in the mid-1960s. Few chicks were being produced and when nests were examined they often contained unhatched or cracked eggs, or just eggshell fragments. The same phenomena were seen in Ospreys around the Great Lakes basin. In the 1960s and early 1970s Ospreys in the Great Lakes drainage basin were producing, on average, 0.4 to 0.7 chicks per pair each year. This was below the productivity determined by biologists to maintain a stable population (0.8 chicks). Ospreys nesting along the Great Lakes shorelines showed the most significant impacts. Between 1964 and 1971 Ospreys nesting in inland parts of northern Michigan produced an average of 0.6 young per pair, whereas those nesting within five km of the Great Lakes shoreline produced only 0.3 young. Furthermore, Great Lakes Osprey eggs collected during the 1960s and 1970s had significantly thinner shells than those collected before World War II. Some showed over 20 per cent eggshell thinning...................... .'+ +F .'+ +F osfig04 screenXpixels svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig04" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) welcome hide this picture buttonClick buttonClick Click Here to Return to Script os006 Residues of some organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are particularly toxic to wildlife. These toxic compounds are lipophilic - attracted to fat molecules, becoming chemically bound to them. The toxic chemicals will then accumulate in an individual organism through a process known as bioaccumulation. Once absorbed by plankton in the water, these organochlorine molecules work their way up the trophic levels of the food web, from small plankton to large plankton, to crustaceans and other invertebrates, to small fish, and finally to larger predatory fish and fish-eating species like Ospreys, gulls, terns, cormorants, or humans. At each step in the food web the organochlorine contaminant remains bound to lipid molecules, but becomes more concentrated, by a process known as biomagnification. Through this process, minuscule concentrations of toxic chemicals in the water become concentrated in the bodies of wildlife, often ending up at very high concentrations in organisms at the top of the food web..................C .'+ +F .'+ +F ospcba anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "ospcba" %modal os007 DDE and Eggshell thinning Thinning of eggshells was the first reproductive problem related to contaminants identified in fish-eating birds on the Great Lakes. Eggshell thinning is caused by the presence of DDE in female birds. Eggshells are made of calcium carbonate, which is synthesised from calcium and carbon dioxide in the bird s body. This chemical reaction is assisted by the activity of an enzyme, and DDE inhibits the action of this enzyme. As a result, the eggshell does not contain as much calcium carbonate as it should, and so is thinner than normal and more prone to breakage during incubation by the adult. The density of pores in the eggshell (through which moisture and gases pass) is also altered by DDE contamination of females. Birds of prey are amongst the most sensitive of species to the effects of DDE. In the United States during the 1970s, the thickness of Osprey eggs was significantly associated with their DDE content. On average, 10 per cent eggshell thinning was associated with two ppm (wet weight) DDE, 15 per cent with four ppm, and 20 per cent with nine ppm DDE. Osprey eggs more than 15 per cent thinner than normal are very likely to break before they hatch, so the critical level of DDE in Osprey eggs appears to be about four ppm.................. .'+ +F .'+ +F justincase osddea buttonClick buttonClick myPath "justincase" currentPage "osddea" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture osfig07 welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig07" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F osunitsa anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "osunitsa" %modal welcome hide this picture buttonClick buttonClick Click Here to Return to Script osdde YM_BeenHere Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is a "metabolite" (or a breakdown product in an organism s body) of the synthetic pesticide known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). DDE is produced in most animals when the body tries to rid itself of DDT. DDT was introduced for widespread use as an insecticide just after World War II. Most uses of DDT were banned in Canada in 1974, under the Pesticide Control Act. However, the use and sale of existing stocks of DDT products were allowed until Dec. 31, 1990. DDT use in the United States was banned in 1972. It is the levels of DDE, and not DDT, which are routinely measured, because DDE is the most fat-soluble of the DDT breakdown products. DDE is also the most easily measured in the fat of animals or their eggs. Unfortunately, DDT is still used quite widely in parts of Central and South America as an effective control measure for malaria and various insect pests of crops............. osddea Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is a "metabolite" (or a breakdown product in an organism s body) of the synthetic pesticide known as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). DDE is produced in most animals when the body tries to rid itself of DDT. DDT was introduced for widespread use as an insecticide just after World War II. Most uses of DDT were banned in Canada in 1974, under the Pesticide Control Act. However, the use and sale of existing stocks of DDT products were allowed until Dec. 31, 1990. DDT use in the United States was banned in 1972. It is the levels of DDE, and not DDT, which are routinely measured, because DDE is the most fat-soluble of the DDT breakdown products. DDE is also the most easily measured in the fat of animals or their eggs. Unfortunately, DDT is still used quite widely in parts of Central and South America as an effective control measure for malaria and various insect pests of crops............. toxics 97030410351943546165938119 ASYM_TpID Backdrop _tbk_LockMove welcome buttonClick buttonClick mmClose stage "welcome" name of this page show1 backtrack welcome buttonClick buttonClick isOpen "welcome" close Backtrack print aName = "nine" Field enterPage reader tbk_reset enterPage reader os008 A wide range of toxic chemicals is found in the water, sediments and aquatic life of the Great Lakes. Some of these persistent contaminants originated from industrial sources within the Great Lakes basin prior to strengthening and enforcing regulations to control discharges into the environment. Due to bans placed on toxic substances such as DDT and mirex, concentrations of toxic contaminants have declined. Today, atmospheric deposition is another significant source of toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes with toxic pollutants carried from sources well outside the Great Lakes basin. Many of these chemicals break down very slowly in the environment, making their impact a concern many years after they have been withdrawn from use........... os009 An Osprey egg provides a snapshot of the toxic contaminants present in the female's body at the time the egg was formed. Chemical analysis of eggs from parts of North America in which Ospreys were reproducing poorly in the 1960s and 1970s detected a wide range of organochlorine contaminants. These included the organochlorine pesticide DDT (first used in the mid-1940s), and its breakdown product DDE. Other pesticides such as dieldrin and chlordane compounds, as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury also appeared in Osprey eggs and various body tissues such as liver, brain and muscle. Eggs collected in the early 1970s from 20 Osprey nests in northeast Michigan and northwest Ontario contained many of the same contaminants, but for most compounds concentrations were usually below the suspected critical levels. The minimum critical levels of the main contaminants in the eggs of birds of prey (above which adverse reproductive effects are frequently observed) are approximately four ppm for DDE, one ppm for dieldrin, 50 ppm for PCBs, and 0.5 ppm for mercury. However, DDE levels in over two-thirds of these eggs exceeded four ppm - the critical level associated with 15 per cent eggshell thinning and an elevated risk of egg breakage. In other Canadian provinces and territories about three quarters of Osprey eggs analyzed in the 1960s-70s also contained more than four ppm DDE, suggesting that eggshell thinning, and the poor reproduction that resulted, were not confined to the Great Lakes basin. A single pesticide, DDT, appears to have been largely responsible for the dramatic population declines in Ospreys and many other bird species. Although other toxic chemicals may also have caused biochemical and physiological stress to Ospreys at this time too, their sub-lethal effects are less clearly understood than for DDT. Not all manufactured chemicals are toxic to wildlife. Many species possess biochemical defence systems which can detoxify some of these foreign substances. However, the organochlorine pesticides and some PCBs are relatively toxic to animals, and birds of prey have relatively inefficient mechanisms for eliminating these lipophilic contaminants................................ .'+ +F .'+ +F justincase osddea buttonClick buttonClick myPath "justincase" currentPage "osddea" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F ospcba anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "ospcba" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F oshga anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "oshga" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F osunits anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "osunits" %modal ospcb Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been in use since 1929. There are 209 PCB isomers (ie. types), which differ from each other in the number and relative position of the chlorine atoms on the biphenyl molecular frame. A small number of these isomers are particularly toxic and are thought to account for the bulk of PCB-induced toxicity in animals. PCBs are extremely stable molecules, which makes them desirable for industrial uses, but also means that they persist for a long time once released into the environment. The low flammability of PCBs made them useful as lubricating oils and fire retardants in insulating and heat-exchanging fluids used in electrical transformers and capacitors. They also were used as plasticizers and waterproofing agents and in inking processes used to produce carbonless copy paper. Industrial manufacturers voluntarily cut back PCB production in 1971. In Canada, PCB use was regulated in 1977 under the Environmental Contaminants Act. PCBs have not been manufactured in North America since 1978. Importation of all electrical equipment containing PCBs was banned after 1980, and their use was restricted to existing equipment..............tttt ospcba Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been in use since 1929. There are 209 PCB isomers (ie. types), which differ from each other in the number and relative position of the chlorine atoms on the biphenyl molecular frame. A small number of these isomers are particularly toxic and are thought to account for the bulk of PCB-induced toxicity in animals. PCBs are extremely stable molecules, which makes them desirable for industrial uses, but also means that they persist for a long time once released into the environment. The low flammability of PCBs made them useful as lubricating oils and fire retardants in insulating and heat-exchanging fluids used in electrical transformers and capacitors. They also were used as plasticizers and waterproofing agents and in inking processes used to produce carbonless copy paper. Industrial manufacturers voluntarily cut back PCB production in 1971. In Canada, PCB use was regulated in 1977 under the Environmental Contaminants Act. PCBs have not been manufactured in North America since 1978. Importation of all electrical equipment containing PCBs was banned after 1980, and their use was restricted to existing equipment.ttttttttttttttttt ostcdd YM_BeenHere Dioxin is the popular name for a class of chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds known as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). PCDDs, along with polychlorinated dibenzofurans, or PCDFs, are produced as by-products during some chemical reactions involving high temperatures in the presence of chlorine. Only a few of the 75 PCDD and 135 PCDF isomers are highly toxic; others are practically harmless. The most toxic dioxin is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), but animal species vary considerably in their sensitivity to this chemical. Elevated levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the environment are linked closely to effluent from previous 2,4,5-trichlorophenol manufacturing (for wood preservatives), and to toxic waste disposal sites associated with this manufacturing, such as Love Canal along the Niagara River. Atmospheric deposition of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, either bound to dry airborne particles, or in rain or snow, is now a major source of this and other organochlorine compounds, particularly in the upper Great Lakes. The original sources of atmospheric PCDDs and PCDFs today include municipal incinerators which burn a wide range of chlorinated compounds put out with the trash, and exhaust from vehicles burning leaded gasoline or diesel (both of which contain chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds). Chlorine bleaching of kraft wood pulp is another source of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, but this has not been identified as a major source of the compound in the Great Lakes aquatic ecosystem................................... Mercury is usually found within the natural environment in very small concentrations. Like the organochlorine compounds, it is soluble in fat and blood, breaks down very slowly, and bio-accumulates in the aquatic food web. At low background levels it is not a problem to animals, and birds get rid of mercury in their growing feathers, which are eventually moulted. At higher concentrations mercury is extremely toxic to animals, and concentrations of only 0.5 ppm in eggs of birds of prey can kill the developing embryo. Mercury occurs naturally at low concentrations in the environment. However, flooding of large areas of forest (such as during the construction of hydro-electric schemes) causes the release of large quantities of mercury into the aquatic ecosystem. Mercury has been used widely in industrial processes this century, including: ammunition manufacture; machinery manufacture; separation of other metals; the pulp and paper industry; and, as a seed dressing in agricultural areas. In response to growing evidence of chronic and acute effects in wildlife, the discharge and use of mercury was regulated more tightly in Canada during the 1970s. Mercury is now used, in increasing quantities, in parts of the Amazon basin where prospectors pan for gold along small streams and tributaries. Atmospheric deposition is now a major source of mercury in the Great Lakes ecosystem. .'+ +F .'+ +F osunits anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "osunits" %modal oshga Mercury is usually found within the natural environment in very small concentrations. Like the organochlorine compounds, it is soluble in fat and blood, breaks down very slowly, and bio-accumulates in the aquatic food web. At low background levels it is not a problem to animals, and birds get rid of mercury in their growing feathers, which are eventually moulted. At higher concentrations mercury is extremely toxic to animals, and concentrations of only 0.5 ppm in eggs of birds of prey can kill the developing embryo. Mercury occurs naturally at low concentrations in the environment. However, flooding of large areas of forest (such as during the construction of hydro-electric schemes) causes the release of large quantities of mercury into the aquatic ecosystem. Mercury has been used widely in industrial processes this century, including: ammunition manufacture; machinery manufacture; separation of other metals; the pulp and paper industry; and, as a seed dressing in agricultural areas. In response to growing evidence of chronic and acute effects in wildlife, the discharge and use of mercury was regulated more tightly in Canada during the 1970s. Mercury is now used, in increasing quantities, in parts of the Amazon basin where prospectors pan for gold along small streams and tributaries. Atmospheric deposition is now a major source of mercury in the Great Lakes ecosystem. .'+ +F .'+ +F osunitsa anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "osunitsa" %modal os010 The mid-1970s represents a turning point for Ospreys in the Great Lakes basin, and in other parts of North America. Since 1972, DDT use had been severely restricted, and Ospreys have been able to increase their reproductive output to above the break-even point of 0.8 young per pair. These levels of production have been sustained generally in many parts of the Great Lakes basin and have often reached average values of 1.0 - 1.2 young per pair in some areas. Consequently, Great Lakes Osprey populations have increased dramatically up to the present day. In the early 1990s, surveys in all U.S. and some Canadian parts of the Great Lakes basin recorded at least 750 occupied Osprey nests. The actual population is even larger since most of northern and central Ontario was not surveyed. The average annual rates of population increase vary from seven per cent in northern Michigan and eight per cent in Wisconsin, to 10 to 15 per cent in southern Ontario, and 10 per cent in Upper New York State. These rates of population increase are very similar to those seen for Ospreys in other parts of North America which also were badly affected by DDT. Some former nesting areas around the shorelines of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan are being recolonised. Unfortunately, Ospreys have not yet returned to breed along the lower Great Lakes. .'+ +F .'+ +F osfig04 screenXpixels svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig04" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels osfig08 svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig08" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels osfig09 buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig09" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) welcome hide this picture buttonClick buttonClick Click Here to Return to Script os011 @ 6 A wide range of persistent toxic chemicals is still found in Osprey eggs and chicks from all parts of the Great Lakes breeding range. Declining DDE levels since the early 1970s have accompanied increasing eggshell thickness. Studies in the early 1990s found very few eggs contained more than four ppm DDE, or had eggshells more than 10 per cent thinner than those prior to the introduction of DDT. Broken eggs are no longer a regular sight in Great Lakes Osprey nests. Levels of most organochlorine pesticides in Osprey eggs from the Great Lakes basin have declined over the past 20 years, although a few eggs today still contain contaminant residues at similar levels to those seen in the early 1970s. In contrast to other chemicals, PCB concentrations in eggs have declined only slightly. Other compounds, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), may have much greater toxicity even though they occur at much smaller concentrations. At this time the sub-lethal effects of many contaminants are poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that most contaminants occur at below suspected critical levels in Osprey eggs, but eggs and chicks in Great Lakes nests are usually more highly contaminated than those further inland. Fish and other fish-eating birds show similar patterns of geographic variation of these contaminants, suggesting that Ospreys are accumulating toxic chemicals from the local food web. In 1992, concentrations of the most toxic PCDD (2,3,7,8-TCDD), and PCDF (2,3,7,8-TCDF), were generally higher in Osprey eggs from Lake Huron than from those further inland. Recently, much higher levels of these compounds have been found in Osprey eggs from the vicinity of pulp mills in British Columbia, and in eggs of Herring Gulls and Bald Eagles on the Great Lakes. Mercury levels have changed relatively little over the past 20 years, and have not exceeded the critical 0.5 ppm level in any Osprey egg from the Great Lakes basin. Average levels were highest at Ogoki Reservoir, north of Lake Superior, which had been dammed after World War II. When reservoirs are created the flooding of forests results in the release of relatively large quantities of mercury, contained naturally in trees, into the aquatic environment as the vegetation decomposes... .'+ +F .'+ +F justincase osddea buttonClick buttonClick myPath "justincase" currentPage "osddea" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F osunitsa anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "osunitsa" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels osfig10 svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig10" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F ospcba anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "ospcba" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F ostcdd anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "ostcdd" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F oshga anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "oshga" %modal welcome os012 Other factors affecting Great Lakes Ospreys: * Humans activities and interventions have assisted the recent increases in Osprey breeding populations. These increases have occurred due to restrictions on the use and discharge of DDT and other toxic chemicals into the environment and through the construction of stable, artificial platforms for Ospreys on which to build their nests. Local conservation groups and concerned individuals, often assisted by government programs to improve wildlife habitat, have installed a variety of customised nesting platforms over the past 10 to 15 years. In fact, Osprey platforms have been so successful in many areas that even the rich and famous have been placed on a waiting list before they could have one installed within view of their holiday cottage! * In Wisconsin, 67 per cent of the 364 Osprey nests in 1992 were located on artificial sites, mainly platforms or hydro poles. In southern Ontario the figure was about 40 per cent. The preferred larger, older nesting trees found next to the water are now scarce in many areas, due to extensive selective logging, drainage of wetlands, and shoreline development. Suitable nesting platforms built on small rocky islets, or at the edge of cattail stands, have often been occupied by nesting Ospreys within a year of installation. This evidence indicates that a shortage of natural habitat and nesting sites limits population size and breeding range in parts of the Great Lakes basin. In addition, nests located on platforms or poles are relatively stable, and less likely to be blown down. They also are less accessible to predators such as raccoons. * Most importantly, public attitudes towards environmental matters have shifted dramatically since earlier this century, and most people now want to watch and protect birds such as Ospreys. * There have been major changes this century to fish populations in the Great Lakes, affecting mostly open-water species such as alewife, rainbow smelt, walleye, and lake trout. Ospreys feed in relatively shallow water, usually around one to two metres deep, consuming warm water species such as pumpkinseed, sunfish, rock bass, brown bullhead, yellow perch and northern pike. Changes to open-water fish stocks may not have affected Osprey populations to the same extent as other fish-eating birds such as gulls, terns and cormorants. * This century, shallow waters and inshore habitats have been greatly altered due to shoreline developments and general loss of natural vegetation, especially in the more densely inhabited areas. Although these changes may have caused the loss of fish spawning habitat, other changes, such as eutrophication (nutrient enrichment largely due to fertilizer run-off from farmland), fish stocking, and damming of lakes, may have actually improved feeding conditions for Ospreys in some areas. * Raccoons are serious predators of Osprey eggs in some areas, and their numbers and range have been increasing steadily in recent years. Raccoons will swim out to Osprey nests in shallow lakes, and even climb 15 metres trees or hydro poles to plunder a clutch. Sheet metal anti-predator guards at the foot of poles or trees have proved to be an effective way of reducing such predation. * Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are usually dominant over Ospreys, ousting them from nest-sites and stealing fish from them. Their numbers are slowly recovering, in the Great Lakes basin, which may lead to Ospreys being forced out of some areas into more marginal habitats. Unlike Ospreys, however, Bald Eagles are extremely sensitive to human disturbance near their nests, especially during the incubation period, and are unlikely to recolonise Great Lakes shorelines having a high density of cottages and recreational activity. * Weather conditions can have dramatic effects on Osprey reproduction. Strong winds blow down some nests, particularly those balanced on dead snags or on flimsy hydro poles in exposed sites. Heavy rain, low temperatures and strong winds during the early nestling stage can cause heavy mortality amongst Osprey broods, and often reduce the male's foraging success. Such conditions occurred in June and July of 1992 resulting in unusually high nestling mortality in most parts of the Great Lakes basin. .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels osfig11 svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig11" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels befig01 svPicture welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "befig01" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) welcome hide this picture buttonClick buttonClick Click Here to Return to Script os013 Ospreys, like some other animals at the top of the aquatic food web, seem to have responded quite rapidly to the presence of certain toxic chemicals in their food. The most obvious effects have been the eggshell thinning caused by DDE, and subsequent population declines and local extinctions. The decline of Ospreys in New England during the 1950s and 1960s was one of the first signs noticed by naturalists that something was going terribly wrong in the environment, and this ultimately led to the identification of DDT in eggs as the main source of the problem. Only a few years after DDT was banned from use, Ospreys began to reproduce more successfully, and to recolonise some former breeding areas in the Great Lakes. When examining DDT levels, the Osprey was an effective barometer of environmental quality. Does this recent recovery of the Osprey population indicate a healthy Great Lakes basin ecosystem? There are still a large number of persistent toxic chemicals present in Great Lakes Ospreys, fortunately at lower concentrations than in the 1960s and 1970s. The biological effects of many of these contaminants are still poorly understood. Ospreys are still absent as breeding birds from the lower Great Lakes shorelines, even though suitable nesting and feeding habitat appears to exist. Only further careful research and monitoring will allow biologists to explain why. .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture osfig07 welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig07" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F justincase osddea buttonClick buttonClick myPath "justincase" currentPage "osddea" %modal welcome hide this picture buttonClick buttonClick Click Here to Return to Script os014 Ospreys, like some other animals at the top of the aquatic food web, seem to have responded quite rapidly to the presence of certain toxic chemicals in their food. The most obvious effects have been the eggshell thinning caused by DDE, and subsequent population declines and local extinctions. The decline of Ospreys in New England during the 1950s and 1960s was one of the first signs noticed by naturalists that something was going terribly wrong in the environment, and this ultimately led to the identification of DDT in eggs as the main source of the problem. Only a few years after DDT was banned from use, Ospreys began to reproduce more successfully, and to recolonise some former breeding areas in the Great Lakes. When examining DDT levels, the Osprey was an effective barometer of environmental quality. Does this recent recovery of the Osprey population indicate a healthy Great Lakes basin ecosystem? There are still a large number of persistent toxic chemicals present in Great Lakes Ospreys, fortunately at lower concentrations than in the 1960s and 1970s. The biological effects of many of these contaminants are still poorly understood. Ospreys are still absent as breeding birds from the lower Great Lakes shorelines, even though suitable nesting and feeding habitat appears to exist. Only further careful research and monitoring will allow biologists to explain why. Three yeard ago sceintists .. to healthy and productive ecosystems .'+ +F .'+ +F oslita anypage buttonClick buttonClick "anypage" currentPage "oslita" %modal .'+ +F .'+ +F screenXpixels svPicture osfig07 welcome mSize screenYpixels buttonClick buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels "osfig07" "welcome" captionBar stage " mmOpen clip mmShow mSize = mediaSize /= frameToPageUnits( posx = b(0, (( W) / 2)) posy = b(0, (( }) / 2)) .'+ +F .'+ +F justincase osddea buttonClick buttonClick myPath "justincase" currentPage "osddea" %modal oslit YM_BeenHere * Government of Canada. 1991. Toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Environment Canada, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Health and Welfare Canada: Ottawa. * Grier, J.W., C.R. Sindelar and D.L. Evans. 1977. Reproduction and toxicants in Lake of the Woods Ospreys. pp. 181-192 in: Transactions of the North American Osprey Research Conference, Virginia, 1972. Edited by J.C. Ogden. US Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series No. 2. * McKeane, L. and D. V. Weseloh. 1993. Bringing the Bald Eagle back to Lake Erie. State of the Environment Fact Sheet No. 93-3. Environment Canada, Ottawa. * Noble, D.G. and J.E. Elliott. 1990. Levels of contaminants in Canadian raptors, 1966 to 1988; effects and temporal trends. Canadian Field-Naturalist 104: 222-243. * Poole, A.F. 1989. Ospreys: A Natural and Unnatural History. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. * Postupalsky, S. 1977. Status of the Osprey in Michigan. pp. 153-166 in: Transactions of the North American Osprey Research Conference, Virginia, 1972. Edited by J.C. Ogden. US Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series No. 2. * Postupalsky, S. 1977. Osprey reproduction in the Lake Nipigon area. pp. 193-197 in: Transactions of the North American Osprey Research Conference, Virginia, 1972. Edited by J.C. Ogden. US Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series No. 2. * Postupalsky, S. 1989. Osprey, Chapter 18, pp. 297-313 in: I. Newton (Ed.), Lifetime Reproduction in Birds. Academic Press: London. * Steidl, R.J., Griffin, C.R. & Niles, L.J. 1991. Contaminant levels of Osprey eggs and prey reflect regional differences in reproductive success. J. Wildlife Management 55: 601-607. * Wiemeyer, S.N., C.M. Bunck and A.J. Krynitsky. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in Osprey eggs - 1970-79 - and their relationships to shell thinning and productivity. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 767-787. * Wiemeyer, S.N., Schmeling, S.K. & Anderson, A. 1987. Environmental pollutant and necropsy data for Ospreys from the eastern United States, 1975-1982. Journ. Wildl. Diseases 23: 279-291. oslita * Government of Canada. 1991. Toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Environment Canada, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Health and Welfare Canada: Ottawa. * Grier, J.W., C.R. Sindelar and D.L. Evans. 1977. Reproduction and toxicants in Lake of the Woods Ospreys. pp. 181-192 in: Transactions of the North American Osprey Research Conference, Virginia, 1972. Edited by J.C. Ogden. US Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series No. 2. * McKeane, L. and D. V. Weseloh. 1993. Bringing the Bald Eagle back to Lake Erie. State of the Environment Fact Sheet No. 93-3. Environment Canada, Ottawa. * Noble, D.G. and J.E. Elliott. 1990. Levels of contaminants in Canadian raptors, 1966 to 1988; effects and temporal trends. Canadian Field-Naturalist 104: 222-243. * Poole, A.F. 1989. Ospreys: A Natural and Unnatural History. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. * Postupalsky, S. 1977. Status of the Osprey in Michigan. pp. 153-166 in: Transactions of the North American Osprey Research Conference, Virginia, 1972. Edited by J.C. Ogden. US Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series No. 2. * Postupalsky, S. 1977. Osprey reproduction in the Lake Nipigon area. pp. 193-197 in: Transactions of the North American Osprey Research Conference, Virginia, 1972. Edited by J.C. Ogden. US Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series No. 2. * Postupalsky, S. 1989. Osprey, Chapter 18, pp. 297-313 in: I. Newton (Ed.), Lifetime Reproduction in Birds. Academic Press: London. * Steidl, R.J., Griffin, C.R. & Niles, L.J. 1991. Contaminant levels of Osprey eggs and prey reflect regional differences in reproductive success. J. Wildlife Management 55: 601-607. * Wiemeyer, S.N., C.M. Bunck and A.J. Krynitsky. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in Osprey eggs - 1970-79 - and their relationships to shell thinning and productivity. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17: 767-787. * Wiemeyer, S.N., Schmeling, S.K. & Anderson, A. 1987. Environmental pollutant and necropsy data for Ospreys from the eastern United States, 1975-1982. Journ. Wildl. Diseases 23: 279-291. osunits 9703041048065121934177116658 ASYM_TpID Backdrop _tbk_LockMove welcome buttonClick buttonClick mmClose stage "welcome" name of this page show1 backtrack welcome buttonClick buttonClick isOpen "welcome" close Backtrack print aName = "nine" Field enterPage reader tbk_reset enterPage reader osunits YM_BeenHere Units of Toxic Contaminants The concentrations of toxic chemicals in the environment are often expressed in parts per million (ppm). When dealing with bird eggs, the concentrations are usually given relative to the weight of the liquid part of the egg - its 'wet weight'. Therefore, ppm (wet weight) is the number of grams of contaminant per one million grams of egg contents. To help you picture how small some of these concentrations are, one part per million is equivalent to a cube of ice (5 g) in a five tonne block of ice. Unfortunately, some chemicals are harmful to wildlife even at these very low levels.....q osunitsa welcome buttonClick buttonClick mmClose stage "welcome" Units of Toxic Contaminants The concentrations of toxic chemicals in the environment are often expressed in parts per million (ppm). When dealing with bird eggs, the concentrations are usually given relative to the weight of the liquid part of the egg - its 'wet weight'. Therefore, ppm (wet weight) is the number of grams of contaminant per one million grams of egg contents. To help you picture how small some of these concentrations are, one part per million is equivalent to a cube of ice (5 g) in a five tonne block of ice. Unfortunately, some chemicals are harmful to wildlife even at these very low levels. save page save page 97072313544889753374450088 ASYM_TpID welcome buttonClick .'+ +F leavePage rightButtonUp buttonClick mmClose close welcome welcome svPicture buttonClick welcome svPicture rightButtonUp buttonClick svPicture screenXpixels screenYpixels ---stage "welcome" mmHide clip " mmClose close welcome 9608131408338113765152305478 ASYM_TpID flowText